The Treaty Of Versailles And The World War II - 848 Words

What better way to follow-up â€Å"the war to end all wars† then with what would become the deadliest war in history, thus far? Whether or not war, in general, is inevitable is a solid question but whether World War II could have been stopped takes the cake. The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the close of the first world war and dictated the terms of Germany s punishment. It reclaimed land for Poland, France, and Austria as well as restricted Germany s military to 100,000 men, six battleships and no air force among other articles. Between these restrictions and Hitler’s racial ideology gaining a following, did the world really expect Germany to stay silent forever? Hitler believed that the ideal German Empire needed to expand over central and eastern Europe and that the only way it could occur was by waging war on the Soviet Union. Many historians agree that World War II was ‘Hitler’s War’ and despite fair warning that his ideas would come to blo ws, nobody stopped it. The propaganda machine used by Nazi Germany helped to propel Hitler s message out of Germany to the 27 million German people living outside of the country and began to funnel his anti-Semitic message internationally. Wanting to avoid another war and believing the Nazi anti-Bolshevik propaganda, Britain and France believed that Hilter would be the one to save the world from Stalin and the Soviet Union. Believing that the Treaty of Versailles had been unfair to Germany, Britain and France were willingShow MoreRelatedWorld War II : The Treaty Of Versailles Essay2042 Words   |  9 Pagesterritory in a sequence of devastating wars. Treaty of Versailles: The treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany on June 28 1919 by the Allies. France, Great Britain, the United States and the other allies demanded that Germany dismantled their military, only allowing a token army and navy and forbidding them an Air Force. Germany had to give up some of its lands to reconstitute Poland, and accept military occupation in its remaining territories. The treaty also contained a â€Å"Guilt Clause† requiredRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles During World War II Essay1864 Words   |  8 Pagesand gruesome bloodshed, World War I concluded on November 11th, 1918 as the Allied Powers claimed victory and the Axis Powers accepted defeat. In order to promote peace, finalize the outcome and prevent another large scale war, the victorious Allied Powers created a treaty, the Treaty of Versailles. Under the terms and conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany and its allies were harshly sanctioned. Germany, viewed by the Allied Po wers as the primary inciter of World War I, received the worstRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles and World War II552 Words   |  2 Pagestime where World War 1 was turned to be too overwhelming, a way of ending World War 1 was necessary. The solution was to create and sign a treaty from each of the Allies, in order ensure world-peace in the future; an intention to avoid any more World Wars or other related disasters. This treaty was signed in Versailles (hence the name came from), and enforced by the leaders of France, Britain, The United States of America and Italy. The big four’s (the world leaders that signed the treaty) names wereRead MoreThe Influence of the Treaty of Versailles on the Outbreak of World War II931 Words   |  4 Pages The Treaty of Versailles influenced the outbreak of WWII by angering the Germans, weakening their country, and making Germany vulnerable to Hitler’s influence. The Treaty of Versailles was made to keep Germany from stirri ng up commotion again by starting another war. It was signed at the end of WWI, which the Germans had lost, and therefore they were forced to sign the treaty, which took away their colonies, sectioned their land, made them pay for other countries military costs, and forcedRead MoreDid the Treaty of Versailles Make World War Ii Inevitable?2239 Words   |  9 PagesDid the Treaty of Versailles make World War II inevitable? JANUARY 8, 2008 STUDENT ID: 081404078 ABSTRACT This essay analyses the origins of the Second World War by briefly summarizing the events from 1919-1939. However, most emphasis is put on the amount of responsibility the Treaty of Versailles deserves for the outbreak of war. Other than analysing the Treaty of Versailles on its own, it also analyses the effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash on the world, the riseRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1684 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactionsRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Ended World War I1708 Words   |  7 Pages The Second World War took approximately 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 lives (â€Å"World War II†). But this total does not include the millions not accounted for, many of them infants. The war had many causes, but the vast fault lay on a piece of writing from twenty years before the war even started. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I but instigated the events that led up to World War II. Because the treaty of Versailles was so harsh on Germany, the effects of those terms allowed the Nazi partyRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Necessary978 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II was one of the bloodiest wars ever fought. World War II cost over 60 million lives and trillions of dollars. However, the entire war could of been prevented. Many wars in history could have been prevented. Rash decisions ignite wars and change history forever. One example of a rash decision is the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay excessive reparations. This was impos sible at the time, as the country was just in a long and expensive war. Another irrationalRead MoreWorld War II Was The Second Greatest War Of The Twentieth Century860 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II lasted from 1939-1945, but there were a number of circumstances leading up to the beginning of World War II. It involved the majority of the nations in the world in which they formed two military alliances. Those alliances were the allies and axis. In a state of total war, World War II was the most deadly war in history. This war was caused there was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI. Then, there was the expansion of the Japanese and fascism. Another reason for the outbreakRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Treaty Of Versailles1133 Words   |  5 Pages World War II ended in 1945, but it affected so many people that it is taught in schools; the thought of having another World War is terrifying. Imagine having the world thrown into that much chaos, causing so much des truction again. To avoid another World War people need to learn what caused them. The whole purpose of the Treaty of Versailles was to promote peace and stop the wars, but in the end all it did was create another World War. Many predicted the result of the weak treaty, but

Love and Power in Marriage as Portrayed in A Doll House Free Essays

A Doll’s House by Ibsen has become a starting moment for a new step in the development of drama genre. Prior to this play, Ibsen’s contemporary drama consisted of behavior plays and historical theatre. But A Doll’s House added a new aspect to the problems highlighted by the contemporary drama. We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Power in Marriage as Portrayed in A Doll House or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ibsen in his play introduced a crucial examination of social issues, and the nature of Victorian marriage. By revealing the background of Helmer marriage Ibsen makes the intimate private and stands up for women identity. Revealing the secrecy of marriage Ibsen overturns the customary roles of a woman and a man as they were regarded by the society before. Marriage in Victorian Society Ibsen provides Nora with the new role different from the role of wife and mother that was an innovation for the contemporary society. As it was customary to refer to woman’s identity in the context of her marital role, Ibsen’s play appeared as a protest, and this play is still regarded as a feminist writing, although the author denied it. The author touched a few intertwined themes, but marital relations are one of the most crucial issues, referred to in the play. Victorian age was cruel towards human identity in general, let alone woman’s individuality. The economical background buried the interest to the individuality within the society. During the period after the French Revolution the thirst for individual freedom was replaced by the economic power, and as the result, women were deprived of the power more than ever. Nora’s changed attitude towards her marriage is not just a problem in the relations between a husband and wife; it is the symbol of the most serious problems of bourgeois values of the middle class. By rejecting the marriage, Nora also denies these values, thus demonstrating the opposition between identity and economical stability: â€Å"I should try to become a human being† (Act Three) A Doll’s House reflects Ibsen’s own relation to the problem of woman’s self-expression. He was sure that women could express themselves, their individuality but in a real life woman’s role in marriage came to a sacrifice. Neither husbands nor society treated women as equals with their spouses. The scene of Torvald being afraid of his employers believing that he had been influenced by his wife is a perfect illustration of the relation to women in Victorian society. Marriage in Victorian society became a kind of a social trap, worse for woman than for men. Divorce was not forbidden, but it was accompanied by such a strong social ban that it could ever be regarded as the possible way to resolve the problems in family life. That’s why Torvald shows his inner weakness by his desire to pretend that he and Nora had a happy family, rather than bear the social antagonism: â€Å"From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance – † (Act Three) On the contrary, Nora, as the symbol of woman, who wasn’t treated as a powerful identity, shows her force by her serious intentions in finding her individuality. Nora feels a fragility of love, but she doesn’t give up and feels the power to build a new happy life instead of her unhappy marriage. Love and Power in the Marriage of Torvald and Nora Nora, who at the beginning was displayed as a happy woman full of love and devoted to her family, realizes that that her happiness is just her dream, but not reality. Thus, she and her husband exchange their roles – Nora is strong enough to face the reality, while her husband is afraid of everything that may damage his habitual life. Nora understands that she was treated like a child used for amusement. The men around her, her husband and her father wanted to see her helpless, seeing her only mission in serving them: â€Å"I have existed merely to perform tricks for you, Torvald. But you wanted it like that. You and father have committed a great sin against me. It is your fault that I have made nothing of my life. Our home has been nothing but a playroom. I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I was father’s doll-child; and here the children have been my dolls.† (Act Three) This is how the concept and picture of marriage changes as the plot of the play goes. At the beginning of the play Nora and her husband seem to be a happy family, a husband and a wife who love each other. However, this happiness and love are built on a lie. Nora pretends that she is helpless without Torvald’s protection and power: I would never dream of doing anything you didn’t want me to† and â€Å"I never get anywhere without your help† (Act One), while the reader and spectator knows that she has already rescued Torvald’s life, and Nora’s words acquires dramatically ironical nature. When Mrs. Linde asks Nora if he ever reveals her secret about the loan, Nora shows her awareness of Torvald’s real attitude to her as to a beautiful doll, which has to amuse him: â€Å"Yes – some day, perhaps, after many years, when I am no longer as pretty as I am now. Don’t laugh at me! I mean, of course, when Torvald is no longer as devoted to me as he is now; when my dancing and dressing-up and reciting have palled on him then it may be a good thing to have something in reserve.† (Act One) Conclusion As the play starts, Nora makes an impression of a weak and powerless woman, whose life is fully devoted to her family life, while Torvald seems to be the personification of power and domination. Their relations are set against the life story of Mrs. Linde, who at first denied her strong love to gain power and financial security. But by the end of the play the situation changes, Nora finds herself and her individuality although loses her love, and Mrs. Linde turns back to her true feelings. The problems shown with the help of characters’ interaction are not resolved by the author. Ibsen demonstrates the conflicts, but does not give any ways out. He just offers the possibilities, offering the readers and spectators to find their own viewpoint and solution. Related article: â€Å"My Ideal Wife† References Ibsen H. (1991) A Doll’s House, Tram. W. Archer. London                How to cite Love and Power in Marriage as Portrayed in A Doll House, Essay examples

Literature Review for Advertising Conversations- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: What do consumers believe more company advertising or online reviews? Answer: Introduction The author of the study stated that in this era of technology the consumer perception has also been changed. Their mind has diverted to wards online reviews rather than the companys advertising. The online advertising has changed the mind of many users. The online advertising now playing a dominate role in order to attract the consumer. The online advertising con be done through several of tools such as mobile marketing, online marketing through Facebook, You tube and many others. The online advertising has on some extent replaced the concept of company advertising to online advertising. The companies are now focusing towards the strategies that are helpful to maintain their online advertising in order to attract the number of consumer to satisfy their perspective need related to their required product or service. This report will be based on the discussion of that how consumers perceive from the online advertising in order to differentiate among different product categories like res taurants, cars, holidays, baby products, grocery items and electronic product (Stephen, 2017). Critical Analysis It has been found after studying many of the empirical studies the online advertising has left the company advertising far behind. It has gave a new look of advertising to companies in order to attract the number of users. The online adverting provides knowledge to consumer related to many of items such as household products, baby product, grocery product, electronic product, vehicles and so on. The online advertising has change the perception of many individuals. The author has stated in the favor of this statement that online adverting has changed the thinking of many of the consumer about making purchasing decision. The author further added that this is one of the easiest ways in order to attract consumers; due to the busy schedule in this globalized world people dont have sufficient time to gather the unique and authentic information in order to make purchase decision to satisfy their perspective need (Nugyen, 2017). This has provide consumers a new way in which consumers get attracted to wards their demanded product of service. In this modern word everyone is using smart technology which has limited the entire world in to a single gadget. The online advertising reviews has enables the users to have look about every things. This has made easy for the consumers to make purchasing decision on time with in the limited time constraints. In the contrast the other author has s tated in the critique way to the statement that it is not like that the individual will changed their perception due to the online advertising, according to the author he found that there is still some gap exist that need to m=be minimized the advertising concept plays a vital role for the contribution of companys goals. The author stated that in reviewing the product and services of any small firm it is difficulty to analyze about the authenticity and surety of the product or services either they are delivering proper related message or there is some gap exist (Johar, 2016). Online advertisement provides a quick promotion of product without any of the limitation based on the geographical boundaries. The major challenge is based in evolving field of interactive advertising which sates the new challenges for online advertisers. The online advertising is now have been become one of the major promotion tool. The author of the study stated in his view for the favor with statement because according to author it is one of most recent and widely used strategy in order to promote the prior product and service. The author stated that the online advertising has gave the companies a new and easiest promotional tool, that is playing a significant role for the promotion of products (hofcar, 2016). The promotion has took up a new look through online advertising which is attracting number of consumer related to the consumer need and demand for their perspective product or service. The author other critic on this statement saying that promotion of the product might not b e done in a perfect manner, the promotion requires a careful planning and it is important to analyze all the related factor in order to have a correct promotion of the prior product or service. The promotion is one the most important factor that needs to be done in an efficient and effective manner with full efficacy. The online advertising placement should be done in the right order to gain a full advantage as compare with the traditional advertising it means that to do placement in a manner where it can be review by the right people that is the consumer to reach so the placement must be done by focusing upon the all of the needed factor includes gender, age, interest, hobbies and all the psychographic factor including education, income and hobbies (Kanon, 2017).. This is the related information that need to be focused while placement of the product or service. The author in the favor of this point stated that it is very important to focus on the correct placement of your ad on any web portal or any of the digital tool that are used as purpose for the ad placement (Millan, 2013). The author further added that in order to attract the prior consumer it is important to analyze the entire factor that is necessary to evaluate for the purpose of correct placement of the ads. The other author stated his critical views about the statement, the author stated that it is not important to evaluate the factor those are required for the correct placement, he said that the advertising that can be done through the promotion of any digital tool will attract the number of consumer because the consumer are now always available on the social sites, and advertisement will catch by the eye of consumer itself, and consumer will attract towards the ad which is related to fulfill their perspective need related to their demanded product or service (Gullory, 2014). Internet advertising is now a most important necessity for business. Its provide benefits to those of business that are doing business outside of the local community (Semson, 2017). Consumers use the internet for the entertainment and information purpose. Consumers are now using internet in order to assist almost all type of knowledge with every aspect of their lives in order to create the countless opportunities to have knowledge about the relevant targeted message. The online advertising reaches more consumer than traditional advertising media does. The author founds that the traditional advertising method requires a lot of cost and online advertising is the method that dont requires lot much of cost (Weing, 2015). It has been found that it is very important method that targets the number of consumer more than traditional method does (Chung, 2014) The online advertising requires a careful planning in order to have the surety that the message has been placed in an order that has bee n seen by number of relevant users. The author of the study found that there must be some risk associated with this online advertising method in a way that it is easy to copy the material from the internet, for this purpose requirement are required to follow up in order to save from copying material issue (Carson, 2013). Conclusion It has been conclude at the end that the online advertising has provide consumer a new way of advertising which has changed the mind of the many of the consumers toward the online purchasing of product by having review on the internet. The online advertising has provided the companies a new way of cost efficient advertising approach. Online advertising is a new promotion tool that has increased the number of consumers (Mangold, 2014). The online advertising is the best promotion tool that has made the promotion of the product or service easy. The internets are now delivering the best customer service with the help of online advertising. The users condemn or praise many of the companies on the basis of their personal experience. The online advertising is also effective in a way that they are providing best quality advertising which is than targeted by the concept of word of mouth advertising which helps to increase the number of consumers. The online advertising has change the percept ion of many individuals. Consumers are now using internet in order to assist almost all type of knowledge with every aspect of their lives in order to create the countless opportunities to have knowledge about the relevant targeted message. The online advertising has on some extent replaced the concept of company advertising to online advertising. The companies are now focusing towards the strategies that are helpful to maintain their online advertising in order to attract the number of consumer to satisfy their perspective need related to their required product or service. This report will be based on the discussion of that how consumers perceive from the online advertising in order to differentiate among different product categories to identify which one of firm is delivering the best quality product or service (Ludwig, 2014). References Verhoef, P. C., Stephen, A. T., Kannan, P. K., Luo, X., Abhishek, V., Andrews, M., ... Hu, M. 2017. Consumer Connectivity in a Complex, Technology-Enabled, and Mobile-Oriented World with Smart Products. Simanjuntak, M., Nguyen, M., Situmeang, F. 2017. To What Extent Do Beauty Bloggers Influence the Purchase Behavior of Their Audience? Exploring the Links Between Consumer Personality and Blog Preferences.Advanced Science Letters,23(1), 623-627. Johar, G.V., 2016. Mistaken Inferences from Advertising Conversations: A Modest Research Agenda.Journal of Advertising,45(3), pp.318-325. Hofacker, C.F., Malthouse, E.C. and Sultan, F., 2016. Big data and consumer behavior: Imminent opportunities.Journal of Consumer Marketing,33(2), pp.89-97. Verhoef, P.C., Stephen, A.T., Kannan, P.K., Luo, X., Abhishek, V., Andrews, M., Bart, Y., Datta, H., Fong, N.M., Hoffman, D.L. and Hu, M., 2017. Consumer Connectivity in a Complex, Technology-Enabled, and Mobile-Oriented World with Smart Products. Guillory, M.D., Lohtia, R. and Donthu, N., 2016. The usefulness of online reviews in financial services.International Journal of Electronic Marketing and Retailing,7(1), pp.66-90. Simonson, I. and Rosen, E., 2014. What marketers misunderstand about online reviews.Harvard Business Review,92(1/2), pp.23-25. Lu, L.C., Chang, W.P. and Chang, H.H., 2014. Consumer attitudes toward bloggers sponsored recommendations and purchase intention: The effect of sponsorship type, product type, and brand awareness.Computers in Human Behavior,34, pp.258-266. Ho-Dac, N.N., Carson, S.J. and Moore, W.L., 2013. The effects of positive and negative online customer reviews: do brand strength and category maturity matter?.Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp.37-53. Bambauer-Sachse, S. and Mangold, S., 2013. Do consumers still believe what is said in online product reviews? A persuasion knowledge approach.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,20(4), pp.373-381. Chernev, A. and Blair, S., 2015. Doing well by doing good: The benevolent halo of corporate social responsibility on advertising prespective .Journal of Consumer Research,41(6), pp.1412-1425. Ludwig, S., De Ruyter, K., Friedman, M., Brggen, E.C., Wetzels, M. and Pfann, G., 2013. More than words: The influence of affective content and linguistic style matches in online reviews on conversion rates.Journal of Marketing,77(1), pp.87-103. Wang, J.C. and Chang, C.H., 2013. How online social ties and product-related risks influence purchase intentions: A Facebook experiment.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,12(5), pp.337-346. Melin-Gonzlez, S., Bulchand-Gidumal, J. and Gonzlez Lpez-Valcrcel, B., 2013. Online customer reviews of hotels: As participation increases, better evaluation is obtained.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,54(3), pp.274-283.

Too Late Essay Example For Students

Too Late Essay When one looks at the trends of nuclear weapons, it is a very scary idea. Depending on how one views nuclear weapons will influence how the world is perceived in present time. With the massive stockpile of weapons that is in the world, life, as we know it could completely be eliminated. In general we see the arms race as a necessity to keep the communists in Russia from getting to be to powerful and thus be able to threaten us with them. We needed just as many missiles as they did in order to keep a balance and thus be able to match any threats. However, this has now changed and with more and more countries being able to build and use nuclear devices, this threat is now greater than ever. It should be noted that we could never marshal the research and development of nuclear weapons. While most nations will sign treaties that state they will stop producing nuclear weapons, places like Iraqi will always be trying to build them. We can blame the United States and Russia for the trend of nations wanting as many nukes as possible. During the Cold War both nations tried to build as many weapons as possible. This was based on the fact that each nation thought that if the other would attack, they would need enough weapons to destroy the other. This was a good policy in terms of warfare. In terms of world security, this seems to be a good idea. Knowing that if your nation launched missiles on a nuclear state, retaliation would be deadly. One had to decide if they could survive the retaliation attack. Had Japan had nuclear weapons in World War II, Truman would not have sent the nuclear bombs in and ended the war at that time. With nuclear weapons getting smaller and smaller, the world population needs to be getting more concerned than during the Cold War. Organizations like Bin Ladens terrorist group or individuals like Tim McVeigh, could obtain a suitcase nuclear weapon and detonate it anywhere. Imagine the impact of a nuclear weapon being detonated in Downtown DC. This may seem like an unlikely event, but the existence of suitcase nuclear weapons has been confirmed in Russia and their inventory is short. Consider that these weapons are easier and cheaper to build, it can be imaged that they could be smuggled into the United States and because of their small size, they are harder to detect than a large missile being pulled on a truck. With world peace in constant danger, the treat of a nuclear weapon being used today is very real. We should all think about that, especially with the recent attack on the USS Cole. Had this been a nuclear weapon the entire ship and crew would have been lost. This proves that something must be done to marshal the use and development of nuclear weapons. However, in this day it will be extremely difficult to seek and destroy nuclear weapons. UN inspectors can do searches in foreign nations, but if that nation truly wants to develop nuclear weapons, they will find a way around it. It should be noted that we would never b e able to eradicate nuclear weapons from the world. But we might be able to limit their usage with the proper retaliatory threats Words/ Pages : 559 / 24 We will write a custom essay on Too Late specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Dominant Ideology Thesis

Dominant Ideology Thesis The dominant ideology of a society is the collection of values, attitudes, and beliefs that shape the way it views reality. However, sociologists argue that the dominant ideology is only one of a multitude of ideologies at play and that its preeminence is the only aspect that distinguishes it from other competing viewpoints. In Marxism Sociologists differ on how the dominant ideology manifests itself. Theorists influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels maintain that the dominant ideology always represents the interests of the ruling class over the workers. For example, the ideology of ancient Egypt that represented the pharaoh as a living god and therefore infallible clearly expressed the interests of the pharaoh, his dynasty, and his entourage. The dominant ideology of bourgeois capitalism functions the same way. There are two ways by which the dominant ideology is perpetuated, according to Marx. Intentional propagation is the work of cultural elites within the ruling class: its writers and intellectuals, who then use mass media to disseminate their ideas.Spontaneous propagations happen when the mass media environment is so total in its efficacy that its basic tenets are unquestioned. Self-censorship among knowledge workers, artists, and others ensures that the dominant ideology is unchallenged and the status quo remains Of course, Marx and Engels predicted that revolutionary consciousness would sweep away such ideologies that kept power from the masses. For example, unionizing and collective actions would upset the world views propagated by the dominant ideology, as these are representations of a working-class ideology.

States With No Income Tax Should You Move to One

States With No Income Tax Should You Move to One SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips While everyone in the US pays a federal income tax, not everyone pays a state income tax. There are seven states in the US with no income tax whatsoever, plus two more that don’t tax wages. While people who live in these states don’t pay income tax, they may pay higher taxes in other ways, like when they go shopping or stop at the gas station. This guide will explore whether or not people in income tax-free states save money overall, along with the pros and cons of moving to one of these states. First, let’s look at the nine states with few or no taxes on income. What Are the States With No Income Tax? There are seven states with no income taxes whatsoever. They are the following: Alaska Florida Nevada South Dakota Texas Washington Wyoming Two other states, New Hampshire and Tennessee, don’t have an income tax on wages, but they do tax interest and dividend income. If you’re making money from investments, for instance, then that profit would be taxed in New Hampshire or Tennessee. The remaining 41 states do level a tax on income. Some have a flat-rate income tax, while others have different brackets based on how much money you make. These states gain revenue from income taxes, and that money goes into various services and programs. In states that don’t collect income tax, where does the revenue come from? There are nine states in the U.S. with no or few state income taxes. Lokal Profil/Wikimedia Where Do States With No Income Tax Get Revenue? States still need revenue, and they get that money from a variety of sources. Commonly, states without income tax have higher sales, gas, and property taxes. They may also provide fewer, more expensive, or lower quality public services. For instance, in-state tuition at the public universities in New Hampshire is higher than that of most other states. Let’s look on a state-by-state basis to see how these no-income-tax states collect revenue. Alaska: petroleum revenue. Because of its oil, Alaska is an exception among income tax-free states. Rather than raising other taxes, Alaska actually distributes a dividend check to residents. Last year, each resident’s share was $2,075. Florida: above average sales taxes and property taxes. Nevada: gambling-related fees and taxes, as well as sales taxes. South Dakota: personal taxes, property taxes, cigarette excises, bank franchises, and ore taxes. Texas: oil and gas royalties, as well as a high sales tax. Washington: some of the highest sales and gasoline taxes in the United States. Wyoming: coal mining and property taxes. Like Alaska, Wyoming also gets revenue from its natural resources. New Hampshire: property tax. Tennessee: highest sales tax in the US. Given these alternative forms of revenue collection, does living in a state without income tax mean you keep more of your paycheck? Alaskan residents actually get money back each year from the Alaska Permanent Fund. Living in Alaska can be expensive, though, as it’s a pretty remote place. Does Living in an Income Tax-Free State Mean You Keep More of Your Money? The short answer to this question is, not necessarily. As you can see above, many states without income tax charge higher taxes on day-to-day expenses. They may also provide fewer public services or more expensive higher education. Depending on your spending habits and lifestyle, the amount of money you’re paying toward other taxes could be higher than the amount you would pay toward taxes overall in a state that had an income tax. How much you benefit from an income tax-free policy also largely depends on your income level. Typically, people with a higher income benefit from the lack of income tax, while people with lower incomes end up paying a larger percentage of their salary to other kinds of taxes. According to the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy in Washington, for example, the poorest 20% of state residents pay 16.9% of their annual income in sales and gas taxes, while the wealthiest 1% pay just 2.4% of their income. Your income level, therefore, becomes an important factor if you’re deciding whether or not to move to a state with no income tax. What else should you consider as you figure out where to live in the United States? Should you move to sunny Florida, where palm trees are a-plenty but state income tax is nowhere to be found? Who Should Move to an Income Tax-Free State? As you read above, income tax-free states tend to have higher sales, gas, and property taxes and a reduced budget for public programs, like education. If any of the following are true for you, then you might benefit from living in one of these states. If the opposite is true, then you probably shouldn’t move to one. You Have a High Income Higher-income people tend to benefit the most from living in an income tax-free state. Besides keeping a larger proportion of your wages, higher income people may also have less need for public services. For instance, higher-income people may not rely on public education, instead sending their kids to private schools. You Don’t Own Much Property If you don’t own a lot of property, then you won’t get hit too hard with the often high property taxes in income tax-free states. If you do own a lot of property, then living in one of the nine states discussed above probably wouldn’t work in your favor. If you own a lot of land or houses, then you may end up getting hit with high property taxes. You Don’t Spend a Lot Besides having higher property taxes, most of these nine states impose high sales taxes. If you have a high consumption lifestyle, then you’ll be putting a higher than average percentage of your income toward sales taxes. If you don’t spend a lot, then you may save money in one of these states overall. You Don’t Rely on Public Services States without income taxes may offer reduced or lower quality public services, like transportation, health care, or public education. If you don’t have kids or are sending your kids to private school, then this might not affect you. Washington, by the way, is an exception with its strong public school system, but it has some of the highest sales and gas taxes in the country. If you drive a lot in Washington, then you might end up paying a lot in gas tax and highway and bridge tolls. If you’re sending kids to public school, be careful about the quality of the education system in an income tax-free state. You Hold Conservative or Libertarian Views People have different opinions about state income tax, and their support of or opposition to it tends to coincide with their social and political views. People with progressive or liberal views tend to support government funding of public services, like education, health insurance, and transportation, and they tend to be in favor of income taxes, as well. Those with more conservative or libertarian views want to minimize the government’s role in shaping society and consequently, tend to be opposed to income taxes. They may oppose any kind of income redistribution and prefer that all people pay the same on other taxes, like sales taxes. Progressives, however, point out that sales taxes affect people at different incomes disproportionately, with lower income populations becoming the most burdened. People also disagree about whether income taxes help or hinder job and population growth. Those who oppose income tax say that doing away with it boosts jobs and helps the state retain young people. According to a 2013 study, though, Texas was the only non-income tax state where job growth didn’t lag behind population growth. If you find yourself agreeing with the typically conservative or libertarian point of view opposed to state income tax, then you may well enjoy living one of the nine states listed above. Are you a progressive, conservative, or libertarian? Whether or not you support state income taxes tends to align with your social and political views. You’ve Done Your Research Beyond figuring out whether living in an income tax free state would be financially beneficial for you, you should also base your decision on a number of other factors, like the state’s culture and weather and what your moving process would be like. Are you ready to move to Nevada’s desert climate and live close to the temptation of gambling? Does the libertarian bent of many Texans appeal to you? Are you comfortable living in a remote place like Alaska where the sun shines all summer and hides all winter? Any move calls for a good deal of research and planning. If your main motivation is doing away with income tax, then remember that there are other factors to consider, like state services and how the government’s alternative methods of revenue collection affect you as an individual or family. If you do decide to pack up and move to the desert of Nevada or a ranch out in the Lone Star state, what steps do you need to take? Besides bringing lots of water, what steps would you need to take to move to a state with no income tax, like Nevada? How to Move to a State With No Income Tax In order to move and start enjoying an income tax-free life, you’ll typically need to establish both state residency and domicile. Residency and domicile laws vary by state. Typically, you’ll need to spend a certain amount of time in the state, as well as change some records to reflect your new address. One common law states that you can’t spend more than 183 days in any single state beside your new state of residency. That’s not to say you have to spend the remaining 182 days in your new state of residency. For instance, let’s say you’re moving to Texas. You spend 100 days in Texas, 100 days in Massachusetts, and 165 days in California. Since you didn’t spend a collective 183 days in a single state other than Texas, you can still call Texas your state of residency. However, if you had spent 100 days in Texas and the remaining 265 days in California, then you can’t call Texas your state of residency. Again, your time in one other state can’t exceed 183 days. While establishing residency is pretty straightforward, establishing domicile is a bit more vague. Generally, domicile means that your community connections need to be stronger in your new state than your old state. These connections include things like your voter registration, driver’s license, and bank accounts. You also have to indicate that the new state will be your permanent home. Since residency and domicile requirements vary by state, you’ll have to check the exact specifications for Texas, Wyoming, and the rest of the states with no income taxes. Besides rooting out the exact residency laws, make sure to remember these key points about states with no income taxes and how to move to one. One perk of living in a state with no income tax- you can totally skip that page on your tax returns. States With No Income Tax: Final Thoughts While eliminating an income tax might sound like it saves you money, the policy is a little trickier than it sounds. States still need money, so getting rid of an income tax typically means that they impose higher taxes in other areas. The only exception is states that generate revenue from natural resources, like Alaska with its petroleum. Whether living in a state with no income tax will save you money varies by individual. Typically, people who have a high income will benefit, as well as those who don’t rely on public education, drive very much, own a lot of property, or spend much money overall. You’ll have to take a look at your income, lifestyle, and spending habits to determine whether moving would be financially beneficial for you. Because of the U.S.’s unique mix of state and federal laws, you should always look into tax laws when you’re considering moving. If you’re envisioning relocating to another part of the country, then consider the new state’s tax laws and how they’ll affect your personal finances.

Quiz 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quiz 2 - Essay Example Save the attachment (.doc) or copy and paste the quiz and the answer sheet to your word processor. Enter your answers directly  into your word processor version. When you have finished entering your answers, save your answers to your computer (always keep a copy of your work).   To submit your quiz, please go to your Assignments Folder and click on the tab for QUIZ 2. Copy and paste your quiz answers into the text box and click on "Submit For Grading." (Attachments are acceptable but try copying and pasting first, let attachments be your last resort). Using the Rich Text Editor (RTE) will help preserve the formatting of your answer sheet; consult the Help Desk if you need help with installing or using the RTE. (In the upper right-hand corner of your screen, see Options, then Account Preferences to enable the RTE.) If you have any questions please contact WebTycho support line! Q. 1 – 30: Objective-Type Questions (2 points per question) Please use alphabet answers where app licable. 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. D 11. D 12. D 13. B 14. E 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. C 20. A 21. FALSE 22. TRUE 23. FALSE 24. FALSE 25. FALSE 26. TRUE 27. TRUE 28. TRUE 29. FALSE 30 TRUE Essay Questions (10 points each). Choose and answer only four (4) essay questions. If you answer more than four, only the first four will be graded. Essay #1 There are 6 categories of leucocytes in the human body. These are as listed below together with their roles: a. Eisinophil- Are tasked with the responsibility to handle all parasitic infections alongside hives, allergic reactions, asthma and hay fever. b. Basophil- release a chemical recognized as histamine which has a response to both antigen and allergic threat that might cause inflammation in the body. c. Neutrophil- are the first one responsible for fighting any potential microbial infection whether bacterial or fungal and any type of diseases. d. Monocyte- Perform the functions of a 'vacuum cleaner' by collecting pathogens pieces in the blood and allows the T cells to destroy them. They flow throughout the blood stream removing debris of dead cells current in the blood. e. B-Lymphocytes- Binds the pathogens thus, destroying them as well as produce antibodies. f. T-lymphocytes- They destroy the tumors and viruses infected body cells. The typical process of phagocytosis occurs when the cell changes shape and sends out projections known as pseudopodia. This process is a non-specific body defense mechanism in which the various phagocytes engulf and destroy the disease causing microorganisms (Campbell & Reece, 2002). The pseudo-pods are the ones that engulf the microorganisms. The intruder in this case is the microorganism and the type of leucocytes that destroys it is the white blood cells. Essay #2 Characteristics of veins Characteristics of arteries Have thin membrane walls Have slightly thicker membrane walls Carry deoxygenated blood Carry oxygenated blood Less elastic than arteries More ela stic than veins Blood flows through them under low pressure Blood flows through them under high pressure Have larger lumens than arteries Have smaller lumens as compared to veins Essay #3 a. Calcium and Potassium. b. The skeletal system provides the body with its basic framework, as well as the structure. It also aides in the safeguard of the human body as well as in enabling easy movement of the body parts. Looking at a skeleton sometimes might be scary but, it is one of the

The Cause and Effects of Distracted Driving Essay

The Cause and Effects of Distracted Driving - Essay Example In this regard, the current essay hereby aims to proffer pertinent issues relative to distracted driving; including its accurate definition, the significant and main causes of distractions, the risk factors, and ways within which distracted driving activities could be prevented. According to the US Official Website on Distracted Driving, the term ‘distracted driving’ specifically means â€Å"any activity that could divert a persons attention away from the primary task of driving. All distractions endanger driver, passenger, and bystander safety† (par. 1). As disclosed, the types of activities identified as causing distractions to driving include the following: texting; using a cell phone or smartphone; eating and drinking; talking to passengers; grooming; reading, including maps; using a navigation system; watching a video; and adjusting a radio, CD player, or MP3 player (Official US Government Website for Distracted Driving par. 2). On the other hand, the CDC has identified and classified the three main types of distraction as: visual distraction, manual distraction and cognitive distraction (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) par. 2). For visual distractions, these involve activities that cause the driver to take his or her eyes off from the road. Manual distraction, on the other hand, simply means that the hands of driver are taken off the steering wheel. Finally, cognitive distractions are activities that take the drivers’ mind off from what should be focused on. Due to the seriousness of the potential repercussions that result in injuries, not only of the drivers and passengers of the vehicles, but even bystanders and pedestrians, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has issued a clearly defined policy statement that highlights the primary responsibility of drivers, as well as the task of driving, to wit: â€Å"The primary responsibility of the driver is to operate a motor vehicle safely. The task of

Making Choices Guide Essay Example for Free

Making Choices Guide Essay As we age our bodies and lives take on many different changes. Some of these changes are for the better and then there are changes that are not so much in our favor. Our health status is the one thing that can vary from time-to-time as we age, and for this we have to prepare ourselves for the many possibilities of needing long term care (LTC). Once the need for LTC is evident, there are many decisions to be made, and a long list of things to take into consideration. Finances, costs, demographics, and independence, are just a few variables to consider when choosing where you or a loved one will be spending the next chapter in life. Finances are the most important variable to take into consideration, mainly because plain and simple; the care is going to cost. Whether a LTC facility or a person’s home is going to be the place where the care is delivered, there will be some expenses accrued. Personal income, annuities, long term care insurance, savings, government programs (Medicare Medicaid), Veteran’s Benefits, and reverse mortgages are just a few payment options available for LTC. There are more payment options becoming available through new financial products as our populace ages. When it comes to the costs of delivering the care, and where it is to be delivered, a lot of things come into play. Residing in a LTC facility brings about a multitude of expenditures compared to staying at home or aging in place. In 2010, semi-private rooms averaged about $200 a day in a nursing home, and about $230 for a private room, and a one bedroom apartment in an assisted living facility averaged about $3,300 a month. Those costs are not all inclusive. There is usually a cost for added services such as private laundry, additional activities or programs. According to LongTermCare.gov (n.d.), it is wise to think now about how your  current residence and community will support your needs as you age and require long term care services. Staying at home or aging in place has its expenses too. A home owner’s expenses are a little less costly if they had their home built to their satisfaction to begin with. This eliminates having major work done on the home to accommodate the need for LTC. The adding of handrails and ramps, throughout the home is much cheaper than living in a LTC facility for a month. Another advantage of aging in place is the caregiver could be free of charge if it is a friend or relative. On the other hand, the cost of home health aides and homemakers range from $19 to $22 per hour. There are also programs to assist those who choose to age in place. One program is The Older Americans Act. According to LongTermCare.gov (n.d.),The Older Americans Act is a Federal program designed to organize, coordinate, and provide home- and community-based services to older adults and their families. These services and programs assist the elderly and older adults in remaining independently in their communities. Local transportation services, in-home personal care, meals delivered for the homebound (and available in the community), and homemaker services are just a few of the programs and services available through the Older American Act. These services are also extended to Native Americans. Having the feeling of belonging where you are is a comfortable feeling. When making the decision on where you plan to live your next chapter of life, it is important to keep in mind to find somewhere comfortable and familiar to you. Nothing is more familiar to a person than where they are – home. . Here is where the demographics can come into play. Most individuals are familiar with their communities and the people within them, so it is a little easier to locate services and programs in the area. Community-based programs are mostly targeted to help the elderly, disabled, and older adults to reestablish and preserve their optimal level of self-care, while preventing and prolonging unsuitable and unwanted institutionalization. According to Gibson, (1995 – 2014), these programs stress partnership with the participant, family, caregiver, primary care physician, and the community in working toward maintaining personal independence. An outstanding and reliable social support system can be a valuable asset, regardless of where your next chapter in life may take place. Having family, friends, and the support of others (staff if in a  facility) can have a positive impact and influence on the individual receiving the LTC. Regular visits and communication can also influence positive motivation. According to AHRQ (2006), social support and interaction within the facility also relate to quality of life satisfaction and reduced isolation and depressive symptoms, which is important for independent individuals. Other variables that can affect a couple’s or individual’s choice on a LTC facility includes whether or not the facility is Alzheimer’s friendly. If the individual who is needing the care has Alzheimer’s, you would want to make sure the staff are properly trained to care for them. Other things to consider is whether or not there is a wing or ward for individuals with Alzheimer’s., or if the facility is safeguarded for these individuals to roam around indoors and out. .It is important to know the staff to resident ratio. There need to be enough staff to service the residents at all times. Visiting is a variable to be considered also. Not only having family and friends visit, but if the individual’s mobility is at a doable level, are they able to do an outing with a family member or friend?  When the time comes to make the choice of where your next chapter in life is going to be spent, be sure to thoroughly research your options. Make sure that the services and programs you choose are not only available now, but also available for the future. There is an endless list of variables to consider. You would want to make sure the facility and staff are licensed and certified to provide the care needed. It is also important to know if the facility has full access to the medical care needed. A very important variable is behavior management. Knowing how the facility deals with various types of behaviors is significant to another resident’s safety. Question the facility as to whether they use chemical or physical restraints, or if the individual is shut off from the main area. These are just some of the variables and questions to consider. Keep asking questions until you are fully satisfied and happy with the answers. When older adults and the elderly are devoted and participating personally in their care, they tend to be more satisfied with where they are and the decisions they have made to get to that point.  References AHRQ, (December, 2006), Factors Important to Consumers When Choosing Residential Care, U.S. Department of Health Human Services (DHH), Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/systems/long-term- care/resources/facilities/ltcscan/ltc5.html Gibson, H., (1995 – 2014), Choosing Well: Long-Term Care Facilities, Today’s Caregiver, Retrieved from http://caregiver.com/channels/ltc/ articles/choosing_well_ltc_facilities.htm LiveStrong Foundation, (n.d.), Assisted Living and Nursing Home Facilities, Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/managing-your-life-during-treatment/assisted-living-and-nursing-home-facilities/ LongTermCare.gov, (n.d.), Costs how to pay, Retrieved from http://longtermcare.gov/costs-how-to-pay/

Necessary Sacrifice in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lot

When Shirley Jackson first published her short story â€Å"The Lottery,† it caused a great deal of controversy. It warranted high critical acclaim, but it also brought threats to Jackson’s life. The public was outraged that she would write such a violent story, which ended with the unmerciful killing of an innocent woman. The violence in response to the story ironically reflects the violence within, and reveals a darker, yet necessary, part of the human psyche. The characters in â€Å"The Lottery† require the violent ritual to live peaceful and happy lives. The violent tradition is beneficial to the town’s people because it supports a healthy group psychology, is a conditioned behavioral norm for every generation, ensures the majority’s well-being, and is integrated into their religious belief. The town’s collective mental state is kept in balance by holding a lottery each year. Human beings are capable of great things, but interlaced with the possibility for greatness is a capacity for destruction. David Livingston Smith, a professor of philosophy and the director of the Institute for Cognitive Science and Evolutionary Psychology at the University of New England, discusses man’s history in his book The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. He admits, â€Å"[Human beings’] noble achievements are only half the picture. They exist side by side with an array of less appealing characteristics,† (41). Violence and cruelty amongst the species is part of our most basic human nature and has proved to be unavoidable throughout history. A prime example of the capabilities of man against itself is the Holocaust, which has been theorized to be the symbolized subject of Jackson’s story. However, â€Å"The Lottery† shows a healthy, structu... ...eration, the majority’s welfare, and an adopted religious belief. Works Cited Cooley, Charles Horton. Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Schocken Books, 1964. Print. Hoffman, Louis, John L. Hoffman, Joy L. S. Hoffman, and Heatherlyn P. Cleare-Hoffman. "Culture, Religion, and Spirituality: How Spirituality Saved Religion." The Healing Power of Spirituality: How Faith Helps Humans Thrive. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-Clio, 2010. Print. Smith, David Livingstone. The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007. Print. Smith, Joanne R., Michael A. Hogg, Robin Martin, Deborah J. Terry. "Uncertainty And The Influence Of Group Norms In The Attitude-Behaviour Relationship." British Journal Of Social Psychology 46.4 (2007): 769-792. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Necessary Sacrifice in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay -- The Lot When Shirley Jackson first published her short story â€Å"The Lottery,† it caused a great deal of controversy. It warranted high critical acclaim, but it also brought threats to Jackson’s life. The public was outraged that she would write such a violent story, which ended with the unmerciful killing of an innocent woman. The violence in response to the story ironically reflects the violence within, and reveals a darker, yet necessary, part of the human psyche. The characters in â€Å"The Lottery† require the violent ritual to live peaceful and happy lives. The violent tradition is beneficial to the town’s people because it supports a healthy group psychology, is a conditioned behavioral norm for every generation, ensures the majority’s well-being, and is integrated into their religious belief. The town’s collective mental state is kept in balance by holding a lottery each year. Human beings are capable of great things, but interlaced with the possibility for greatness is a capacity for destruction. David Livingston Smith, a professor of philosophy and the director of the Institute for Cognitive Science and Evolutionary Psychology at the University of New England, discusses man’s history in his book The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. He admits, â€Å"[Human beings’] noble achievements are only half the picture. They exist side by side with an array of less appealing characteristics,† (41). Violence and cruelty amongst the species is part of our most basic human nature and has proved to be unavoidable throughout history. A prime example of the capabilities of man against itself is the Holocaust, which has been theorized to be the symbolized subject of Jackson’s story. However, â€Å"The Lottery† shows a healthy, structu... ...eration, the majority’s welfare, and an adopted religious belief. Works Cited Cooley, Charles Horton. Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Schocken Books, 1964. Print. Hoffman, Louis, John L. Hoffman, Joy L. S. Hoffman, and Heatherlyn P. Cleare-Hoffman. "Culture, Religion, and Spirituality: How Spirituality Saved Religion." The Healing Power of Spirituality: How Faith Helps Humans Thrive. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-Clio, 2010. Print. Smith, David Livingstone. The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007. Print. Smith, Joanne R., Michael A. Hogg, Robin Martin, Deborah J. Terry. "Uncertainty And The Influence Of Group Norms In The Attitude-Behaviour Relationship." British Journal Of Social Psychology 46.4 (2007): 769-792. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. Web. 12 Apr. 2012.

Essay for Santa Monica

I have attended Salesman Demised University and graduated with a Bachelor Degree of Mechanical Engineering on July 3rd 2009. Before graduating, I manage to attend an internship in a manufacturing company that specializes in the auto industry of my field. Throughout my experience in this company, I saw that my English wasn't good enough to communicate with other business people who visited our company when they ask question about our product and I couldn't explain to them better.Therefore, I decided to come to America to study English professionally because I learn from experience that English language Is the common point everywhere I go. It Is use to communicate to everyone especially In my career. If I learn to speak fluently, I can communicate better with the people In the Industry of mechanical engineering and together with other nationality. Coming to America for the first time In my life, I was enrolled In the IF International Language School.I have enjoyed the school but It's t o Like academic program where I can actually study more seriously compare to IF International School. So I visited few colleges in Los Angles area and I found out about El Camino College and I asked few students who study in the campus about the English program. And I was told that Santa Monica College has a great learning for English program in Los Angles. Then I visited Santa Monica campus and I saw the difference. I like the atmosphere of the campus and it's very close to the beach.There are also many different nationalities that I saw who attended Santa Monica College and they all say that it has good credibility to transfer too university. Once I finish learning professional English, I also would like to do Business Administration so I can expand my parent's family business globally. Therefore, I would like to apply for your college to fulfill my dreams. If I will be given a chance to attend your school institution, it will be a big dream comes true for me and my family who sup port me from a thousand miles away. I will be one of the happiest person from the country of Turkey.

Toyota and Uber

As the competition among autonomous driving businesses is getting intense, Toyota and Uber will try to catch up by deciding to partner in developing self-driving cars. They plan to use technology from both companies into Toyota's Sienna minivans to be deployed across Uber's ride-hailing network from 2021. Together, they aim to design and produce safe autonomous vehicles for the mass market. This deal benefits both Toyota and Uber, and will still likely benefit both companies even in their individual endeavors. Their partnership profits Uber in many ways. Firstly, CEO Khrosrowshahi's strategy of Uber developing autonomous vehicles through partnerships has successfully began to progress. Secondly, it brings revival to Uber's self-driving business after a self-driving Uber SUV killed a pedestrian in Arizona back in March, which moved Uber to remove its robot cars from the road, lay off hundreds of test drives and closed its autonomous testing hub in Arizona. Lastly, Toyota's investment raised the valuation of Uber by $4 billion from the deal Uber had with Alphabet Inc. Uber totaled $891 million losses in the second quarter where the self-driving unit is a significant contributor. However, it can compensate its losses through this partnership. With combined technology, their goal of a safe autonomous vehicle is likely to happen. And with this success, profits from their self-driving business will surely compensate the losses Uber previously occurred. Toyota also profits from this agreement through its transformation to a mobility company as they help provide a path for safe and secure expansion of mobility services like ride-sharing that includes Toyota vehicles and technologies. Its statement that it would not combine its research efforts with Uber may somewhat have a negative impact on the partnership's progress in producing safe automated vehicles. But, Toyota benefits from the deal when they gain more information regarding self-driving technology as they work with Uber. Together, they make a great teamwork. Uber's autonomous driving system and Toyota's commitment to safety and its renowned manufacturing skills is surely to bring a safe self-driving car. Uber have experienced many problems in this path: they had further setbacks in development and testing due to the crash in Arizona, and also has met difficulties with regulators and politicians concerning safety. But Toyota's Guardian technology, which offers automated safety features, can cover Uber's flaws. Toyota may be less aggressive than some rivals on moving toward full-fledged autonomous driving but their investment in research and plans to begin testing self-driving cars in the future is a great move. They won't be able to survive the competitive autonomous self-driving business if they continue to focus on partial autonomous systems. This partnership is a great start for them in their journey to produce fully developed self-driving cars. Toyota's decision to not combine its research efforts is also a good move since Uber has other partnerships like their partnership with Daimler AG, and a deal with Volvo which does not have the same level of intense labor as Toyota does. This could lead to misunderstandings or conflicts of interest, so it is best that they keep some plans to themselves. Their previous partnership on a car-leasing program for Uber drivers, where Toyota invested in Uber and which Uber decided to close its U.S. leasing business, is also a factor that can affect their relationship. This could mean distrust between the companies that can badly affect their current deal. Overall, their partnership brings great opportunities to both companies. Toyota benefits from the agreement and Uber does, too. Their goal in producing the world's safest self-driving cars on the Uber network is surely to become reality if they work together in covering each other's flaws and leveraging their expertise.

Keeping it (un)real - Emphasis

Keeping it (un)real Keeping it (un)real Hes a shrewd one, that Sir Alan Sugar. As he announced in the opening episode of The Apprentice, he realises that knowing every word to Candle in the wind does not mean he is Elton John. Using our Suralan to Plain English dictionary, we see that his sensible if somewhat obvious point is that being able to say the right things will not automatically make you a success in business. But without even looking at how his hapless protgs walk the walk, its worth noting just how poorly they talk the talk. From business writing to business speaking, the distinction that must be made is between effective self-expression (which is vital from job interviews onwards) and meaningless buzzwords. That these two be kept separate is as fundamental as Sir Alan and Sir Elton not mixing up their night-on-the-town outfits. The question raised just before this series began airing was: is it appropriate, in this economic climate, to encourage the aggressive, money-grabbing ways that helped get us into this mess? Alternatively, will people tune into the programme for tips on how to get, or hold onto, a job? Whatever their motivation, tune in they have: over eight million viewers watched episode one. Sir Alan was quoted on www.telegraph.co.uk describing this years contestants as very bright and high calibre compared to what weve seen in the past. As a newcomer at series five then, I can only assume previous series have been populated entirely by briefcase-carrying chickens (with or without heads). There is a growing consensus that what is needed now is more of a back-to-basics approach. As Tim Worstall points out in Februarys Real Business magazine: [t]oo much of the economy lies in banking and financial services, and that what this situation calls for is the textbook entrepreneur, eg one who takes available economic resourcesand turns them to more productive uses. Similarly, Cassandra Jardine of the Telegraph wrote of the need for more literal apprentices, with just the small a. Aha. So, were looking at a difference between reality and reality television. (No, really.) In the real world, trust and teamwork are encouraged. And what has TA 2009 given us? On the team-building side: criticisms of a project manager who wasnt autocratic enough; and reference to colleagues as puppets. For cultivating business relationships, we have: business manager Mona belligerently telling a prospective client youve got it all wrong; sales consultant Debra snapping wed already bought it! at Sir Alan himself, when he dared question her teams buying of overpriced cleaning supplies; and Majid who didnt want to lose to girlsnot that Im sexist. And from trainee stockbroker Bens inappropriate and hyperbolic making money is better than sex, to moist-eyed Senior Commercial Manager James he of the success-flavoured spit, who trusted with my heart when I should have been looking with my eyes the whole batch is clearly aiming for the record of most words used to say nothing at all. For all that, long may we continue to watch The Apprentice (albeit often in mortification and through our fingers). Just not as a means of polishing ones communication skills: these people cant even polish cars. Perhaps we could add a disclaimer for anyone in any doubt: this is Big Brother in suits, not a seminar on business.

Case study dealing with depression

Case study dealing with depression Depression is one of the most common and widespread psychiatric disorders in the UK. Of over 5000 British residents, approximately 5.9% of males and 4.2% of females suffer from depressive illnesses (Based on DSM-IV criteria) (Ohayon, 1999). Consequently there has been much emphasis on implementing techniques and psychotherapy to solve these issues and find effective treatments for depression. This essay will explore, psychodynamic and CBT therapy, in treating depression. There are clear disparities between these two forms of therapy in regards to their theoretical underpinnings as well as the arguments both for and against their effectiveness in treating depression. Throughout this review particular attention will be paid to the similar features which run through both approaches in order to gather a much more conclusive view regarding psychotherapy in the treatment of depression. The essay will begin by briefly outlining depression and discussing the development of psychotherapy in treating it. After this, psychodynamic therapy which is one of the most traditional psychotherapeutic methods of dealing with depression will be explored, in order to gather an understanding of its views on solving the problem of depression. Before moving on to compare this too, the much more modern and focused intervention CBT, developed by Beck (1979). After each approach has been outlined the essay will go on to critically evaluate each approach, firstly in terms of its empirical grounding in research before moving on to gather an understanding of the arguments regarding their theoretical grounding. Before finally going on to conclude as to what is the best option for dealing with such a common and problematic condition. Depression is a condition which is characterized by negative moods and unpleasant states of mind which can undermine our ability to function normally (Gilbert, 2007). In some cases people are born with a predisposition to depression through neurological disorders . However, for many others, depression is likely to occur as a consequence of changing life circumstances. (Hollon, Thase, & Markowitz, 2002) For many years clients were effectively treated with medicines such as anti-depressants. However, the stigma and the side effects that are associated with this medication, mean that many patients diagnosed with depression are reluctant to use them. A survey carried out by Priest, Vize, Roberts, Roberts and Tylee (1996) used questionnaires and interviews to discover the lay person’s beliefs and attitudes to pharmaceuticals as treatment of depression. The study found that 78% of the 2003 participants from across the UK, regarded antidepressants as negative and addictive. This demonstrates that the general public are still very sceptical about using medication as a quick fix to their depression. (Priest et al, 1996) Psychotherapists believe it is addressing the central psychological underpinnings of depression which is essential to long te rm recovery. (Gilbert, 2007) One of the first alternative forms of treatment was psychodynamic therapy. Psychodynamic therapy is based on the belief that that the majority of mental functioning occurs in our unconscious. Jacobs (2004) explains that, according to Freud the structure of the psyche is constructed from birth, and therefore the child’s relationship with significant others in the early years of their life, notably their mother and father, are vital to the individual’s future developments.

World Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World Literature - Essay Example Anyone failing to work through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ is therefore determined to be destined for hell, simply because he did not work through the accepted channels. This assumption has been heavily questioned by the intelligentsia of various ages, though, as the directives in the Bible and the legends proposed by the Catholic Church continued to be at cross-purposes to themselves and as science and technology provided more concrete and reliable solutions to age-old problems in other arenas. This form of questioning the true nature of redemption can be found at the beginning of the nineteenth century with the publication of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s epic poem Faust as well as in the twentieth century with T.S. Eliot’s Wasteland. Goethe’s poem was published in two parts, the first appearing in 1808 and the sequel not being completed until just before the poet’s death in 1832. While there have been many interpretations of the basic storyline over time, including several circulating well before Goethe adopted it, Goethe’s Faust is presented as a character seeking fulfillment in terms of finding absolute truth and the meaning of existence as opposed to the more typical representation of a self-absorbed scholar interested only in increasing his own power. While Goethe’s character retains the sense of the dissatisfied scholar, he also demonstrates the higher existential longings of the new age of science and intellectualism. His dissatisfaction is illustrated upon his first introduction in the poem: â€Å"I have, alas! Philosophy, / Medicine, Jurisprudence too, / And to my cost Theology, / With ardent labour, studied through. / And here I stand, with all my lore, / Poor feel, no wiser than before.† While he has spent his life educating himself and others in every possible field of knowledge, Faust still finds he is no wiser than

The thoughts of King Corn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The thoughts of King Corn - Essay Example The argument is supported by other biologist in the movie. These biologists cover the several issues that have been highlighted in the movie. Actually, the major challenge of obesity in the American population is control of overconsumption of beef and corn products. This challenge can be addressed effectively by researching on the impact of genetically modified corn on the health of humans and animals especially cattle (Cheney and Ellis). Overconsumption of corn in the movie and the inclusion of corn in the diet of both animals and humans are illustrated effectively using the resultant health effects of the action. Genetically modified foods are an issue of great concern for the society today due to the increasing obesity and animal deaths. The movie captures the problem effectively through the agricultural journey of the two friends. In addition, the inclusion of the different perspectives of the interviewed biologist illustrates the impact of corn agriculture in America. Consequently, the increase in obesity among the American population has been linked with the excessive consumption of corn by humans and cattle. Both the direct and indirect overconsumption of the corn is considered the main threat to positive and good

Math essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math - Essay Example The first example is from Physics. Suppose that we are given three objects, one with a known mass of 2 kg, and are asked to find the unknown masses. Suppose further that experimentation with a meter stick produces these two balances. Since the sum of moments on the left of each balance equals the sum of moments on the right (the moment of an object is its mass times its distance from the balance point), the two balances give this system of two equations (Hefferon). The second example of a linear system is from Chemistry. We can mix, under controlled conditions, toluene C7H8 and nitric acid HNO3 to produce trinitrotoluene C7H5O6N3 along with the byproduct water (conditions have to be controlled very well, indeed-trinitrotoluene is better known as TNT). In what proportion should those components be mixed Our next example is about solving a riddle. There are two groups of people X and Y having certain number of persons in each group. If a person from X leaves to join Y then Y becomes double of X. If a person leaves Y to join X then they both become equal to each other. How many persons are there in each group The objective is to determine if such system of linear equations has a solution or not. That is to find out if there exist values of x1 to xn which when fed into these equation will simultaneously satisfy all the equations. If true then the system is said to be consistent or else it is inconsistent (Matthews). MATRICES The above system of equations can also be briefly written as, The matrix is called the coefficient matrix of the system of equations as it only has the coefficients of variables listed in it. If this matrix were also to include the constants involved in the equations then it would be called an augmented matrix of the system and would be written as, Three elementary row operations can be performed on matrices which do not affect the solution of linear equations. 1. Interchanging two rows 2. Multiplying a row by a non-zero number 3. Adding a multiple of one row to another We will try to solve the following equations with the help of a matrix and then applying any or all of the appropriate elementary row o

Impacts Of Leadership On Nurses Nursing Essay

Impacts Of Leadership On Nurses Nursing Essay This essay will analyses leadership and how it impacts on organisational culture and the effects on nursing staff, this paper will show the difference between leadership and management, consider the impact and influence of organisational culture on patients and their outcomes, this essay will explore the theories of leadership and show the elements required to have an effective sustainable culture for better patient outcomes. Organisational culture effects the environment in which nurses work and patient care (Lok Crawford 2003, p.321). Studies have reported that when employees are dissatisfied with the organisational culture there is higher staff turnover, less commitment and patient care outcomes are poorer (Meterko et al 2004, p. 492). Many hospitals within Australia are governed by a bureaucratic organization, where there is structure, goals, and staff are managed systematically with formal leadership things are done this way attitude, this makes change very difficult and nurses feel they are in an oppressed group (Crookes et al 2008, p.p 97-98). To change this form of culture nurses need to become leaders (Meterko et al 2004, p. 493). Day et al (2008) identified five cultures within the Australian health care system 1. Culture of blame this is where staff are dissatisfied with the organization, there is poor communication, there is conflict among staff and the union is often involved (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 2. Culture of reaction this is where management is trying to resolve ongoing staff issues and trying to improve communications (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 3. Culture of consolidation this is where there is always change and staff verbalize they are tired of change (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 4. Culture of ambition this is where staff look for new better ways of doing things there is a risk of having too many projects that can cause the projects to fail or not be completed (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 5. Culture of success this is where staff think about the future and where they are heading, are proactive in problem solving, are close knit, focused and effective workers (Day et al 2008, p. 72). Organisational culture is built by its members; they exhibit common values, beliefs and perceptions of the organization (Day et al 2008, p. 73). To be an effective leader the nurse must learn certain skills, to be more self aware and understand their weakness and strengths, this will in turn build self confidence (Dierckx de Casterle et al 2008, p. 758). They need to become an effective communicator inspiring as well as listening, have a clear vision, but being able to be flexible to change the vision with the nursing staff and the organisation (Dierckx de Casterle et al 2008, p. 761). Leadership within nursing may relate to specific activities or behaviours and may be both supported and limited by the organisation and its culture, but there is also a myriad of professional cultures as well, all of which impact upon the culture of the organisation (Mullins 2006, p.6). This relates to the ways in which individuals and groups interact within the structure of the organisation (Mullins 2006, p.6). McCormack and McCance (2006) argue that for nurses to deliver person-centred outcomes, account must be taken of the prerequisites and the care environment that are necessary for providing effective care through the care processes, (p.472). Chiok Foong Loke (2001, p. 193) highlights five distinct practices that leaders use to affect performance in nurses and the organisation. These practices include challenging the process, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, modelling the way and encouraging the heart (Chiok Foong Loke 2001, p. 193). The study conducted by Chiok Foong Loke (2001, p. 200) explored the relationship between the five leadership behaviours, their findings suggests that the five leadership behaviours should be introduced by administrators to nursing staff and constantly encouraged as leadership is an observable and learnable set of practices (Chiok Foong Loke 2001, p. 200). Leadership can contribute to the success or failure of an organisation (Lok Crawford 2003, p. 324). Leadership as a concept is considerably complex, and theories of leadership are multiple and often opposing or challenging each other. There are the theories of innate or trait leadership, in which people are said to be born leaders possessing natural abilities in this field, which are countered by theories that state people can learn leadership attributes, knowledge and abilities, and so occupy leadership positions (Day 2000). However, it is important here to distinguish between leadership and management, because leaders can be transformational leaders, and tend to be followed because they inspire others by their behaviours, while managers are those that occupy formal positions of power or authority within the organisational hierarchy (Day 2000). Of course, leaders can be managers, and some argue that anyone in a leadership role should best have innate leadership traits, while others suggest that these leadership abilities can be acquired (Green 2003). Effective leadership however depends on the ability to work within the organisational culture and to mediate between the organisation and the employee (Green 2003). Often, because of the way that the health care service and the healthcare unit is structured, leadership strongly relates to the leadership of teams, in which often leadership is conferred by support and acceptance, rather than by the authority of an individuals position (Grint 2005). This however can only occur if there is an underlying culture which allows individuals to express their leadership traits or skills (Grint 2005). Lok Crawford (2003, p. 324) states that leadership styles have been extensively studied. There are many types of leadership but the most effective for change is transformational leadership, nurses who had exhibited leadership behaviours were higher in organisational commitment and increased job satisfaction (Wong 2007). These nurses were also more likely to stay in their job longer (Wong 2007). They are agents of change to promote and sustain the quality of patient care including patients mortality rate (Wong 2007). Studies have shown that leadership behaviours in nurses correlate to positive effects on job performance, job productivity, and job satisfaction, which may lead to patient satisfaction and quality care (Wong 2007). Leadership has been accepted as the key factor of a workers job satisfaction and organisational effectiveness. Research suggests that nurses who demonstrated behaviours of contemporary theory model often benefit patients, their employers, and themselves (Wong 2007). This in turn impacts on other nursing professionals in a positive way, leadership behaviours are important to encourage productive nurses, giving them the confidence to act and make their own decisions, helping nurses to see the shared vision of the organisation and empowering them to change practice for better patient outcomes (Chiok Foong Loke 2001, pp.199-200) Leadership within nursing has emerged over time to impact upon the way that care is delivered and managed, and this can provide us with one example of how leadership can impact upon organisational culture. Over the last twenty years, the role and scope of nurses has expanded to include a significant movement into advanced practice, and nurses within advanced practice roles are expressing significant leadership power and position. Advanced practice nurses act as assessors of health care, individual and group needs, and provide management and clinical leadership (Walsgrove and Fulbrook, 2005). The difference between leadership and management is leadership means lead and management means manage (Grimm 2010, p. 74). Leadership is a complex entity and is often describe as an art, effective leaders must have certain traits, they must have confidence and confidence is built over time and experience (Grimm 2010, p. 75), purpose leaders must have a purpose know which direction they wish to take the organisation and discuss this with staff with openness and honesty (Grimm 2010, p. 75). They need to have moral courage which requires the leader to have integrity and know their beliefs and values and stand by them (Grimm 2010, p. 75). They require ethical fitness, knowing what is right and wrong and have the courage to take a stand reflecting on their morals and values to ensure they have made the right decision (Grimm 2010, p. 75). Setting priorities is an important trait, trying to only have 3 to 5 issues to deal with at a time (Grimm 2010, p. 75). Leaders motivate people, empower staff and encourage practice development (Manley 2000, p. 34). The most effective form of leadership is transformational leadership, these leaders transform people and organisations encouraging and effecting necessary change (Crookes et al 2008, p. 101). Managers control, have an assigned position, carry out functions, duties, responsibilities, manipulate people, money, time and aspire to organisational goals and have willing and unwilling subordinates (Covey Drucker 2009, p. 31). Managers have contributed to the poor image of management and have come to be perceived as organizers, planner and controllers (McKenna et al 2010, p. 130). Therefore as stated before those in leadership positions lead and those in management positions manage. Organisational culture plays a big part in patient care, when organisational culture is dysfunctional patients and nursing staff are the ones that suffer (Meterko et al 2004). Functional organisational cultures that have transformational leaders and teamwork have better outcomes, patient care and low nurse turnover (Meterko et al 2004, p. 492). Wong Cummings (2007, p. 517) suggests that new organisational models have changed the process in nursing; due to the change leadership in nursing is having better patient outcomes. Patient outcomes were changed through work context and nurse behaviours that enhanced patient care (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 517). Wong Cummings (2007, pp.517-518) study showed four areas of leadership and patient outcomes. 1. Patient satisfaction showed a significant increase with positive leadership behaviours and a decrease in transactional leadership style (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 517). 2. Patient mortality reduced mortality rates were contributed to experienced staff, effective leadership and staff being retained in the role (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 517). 3. Patient safely outcomes: adverse events, a strong relationship between leadership and patient outcomes was evident here, there was a decrease in patient falls, medication errors, increase in patient safety to due positive leadership practices (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 518). 4. Patient safety outcomes: complications, a reduction of pneumonia and urinary tract infections were attributed to positive leadership practices (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 518). The study concluded that the culture of transformational nursing leadership increased patient satisfaction, reduced patient adverse events and complications (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 520). Leadership theories go back to the 1900s where man were leaders and born to be leaders this was called the great man theory, similar to the great man theory was the trait theory it was assumed that people inherit certain traits this made them better leaders (Cherry 2010, p.1) The 1940 to the 1980s bought behavioural, contingency and situational theories these theories were about the authoritarian, democracy and laissez-faire according to these theories no situations are the same and different leadership styles were called for (Cherry 2010, p. 1). The 1980s to present bought about contemporary theories, transactional leaders who are usually managers and transformational leaders are nurse leaders (Cherry 2010, p. 1). According to Wong Cummings (2007, p. 520) transformational leadership increased positive patient outcomes, increased patient satisfaction and reduced compilations. Nurses are leaving the profession in large numbers due to job dissatisfaction (Joyce Crookes 2007, p. 18). This is happening all over the world, health authorities need to make a change to keep nursing staff and increase better patient outcomes (Joyce Crookes 2007, p. 18). Magnet hospitals were established in the United States in the early 1980s there is evidence that magnet hospitals retain staff, produce better outcomes for patients and produce quality patient care (Joyce Crookes 2007, p. 18) The health care system has the need to address these problems in Australian hospitals to retain staff, produce better patient care and outcomes (Joyce Crookes 2007, p.23). Lewins Theory of change is one way an organization could make changes that are staff and patient focused (Crookes et al 2008, p. 104). Lewins Theory was to unfreeze, move and refreeze (Crookes et al 2008, p. 104). By unfreezing the current environment and exploring the need for change, what needs to be changed, where and why (Crookes et al 2008, p. 105). The organisation can move into the second phase moving, this is where change is identified and everybody is consulted from management to staff to share their values and beliefs and affect the change (Crookes et al 2008, p. 105). The third stage is refreezing, the new change takes place promoting sustainable culture and positive patient outcomes as seen in the magnet hospital system and those hospital that have transformational leadership (Crookes et al 2008). Conclusion Organisational Culture effects the environment in which nurses work and patient care. There are many types of culture in the health care system and the most effective culture would be a culture of success were staff and the organisations have a shared vision, common values and beliefs, think about the future, have patient centred care goals and effective leaders. The multiple disciplines, specialities and professions involved within healthcare delivery require effective management and organisation, but furthermore, the complexities of patient needs require appropriate individualised responsiveness from the organisation. Leadership has a great effect on organisational culture it can mean success and failure of the organisation, effective leadership is known as transformational leadership and has the best outcomes for patient care and job satisfaction. It is evident that culture plays a part in patient care and transformational leaders have an influence on positive patient outcomes. When there is a dysfunctional organisational culture there is a need for change, by using Lewins Theory of Leadership, unfreezing, moving and refreezing, change can take effect, having a sustainable culture improves nursing practice productivity, improves patient outcomes and quality of care.

The Effect of Temperature on Air Pressure :: science

The Effect of Temperature on Air Pressure DESCRIPTION: My project consists of a series experiments to determine the effect of air pressure in a given environment at various temperatures. The experiments I chose to conduct are: 1) Heat an ordinary pop can on a hot plate and then putting the can upside down in cold water to see the effect of a fast change in temperature. 2) Partially full milk jug with hot water, put the cap on tightly, and let it sit for one hour to see the effect of a slow change in temperature. 3) Setting a small piece of paper on fire and then putting it inside a plastic bottle. Before the flame goes out, a pealed hard-boiled egg will be placed over the opening. PROBLEM: The problem is to determine the effects of air pressure at different temperatures. Since we cannot see air, we will attempt to determine if air exerts a force? HYPOTHESIS: My hypothesis for: 1) the experiment with the pop can is that the can will crush because of a drastic change in temperature. 2) the experiment with the milk jug and the hot water is that the milk jug will remain the same. 3) the experiment with the egg and the bottle is that the egg will not be sucked in the bottle. PROCEDURE: For the first experiment the procedure is: 1) Heat an ordinary pop can on a hot plate. 2) After about fifteen minutes take the can off the hot plate and put it upside-down in a pan of cold water. 3) Record my observations on a piece of paper. 4) Write my conclusions in my science fair logbook. For the second experiment my procedure is: 1) Get an empty gallon milk jug at room temperature. 2) Heat to water to just before the boiling point on a hot plate. 3) Fill the milk jug about quarter of the way with hot water. 4) Put the lid on tightly 5) Wait one hour and record my observations and conclusions. For the third experiment my procedure is: 1) Get a medium sized bottle. 2) Peel a hard boiled egg. 3) Light a small piece of paper on fire and put it inside the bottle. 4) Before the flame goes out put the pealed egg over the opening of the bottle. 5) Record my observations on a piece of paper.

Inside Islam notes Essay

Islam means Peace and Submission (The peace that comes from submission, the attention to God that comes from peace.) Allah Akbar means â€Å"God is great.† Sunni = 85% of Muslim population; Shia = 10%; Sufi less than 5% Islam is not only a religion of the Middle East: largest population of Muslims is in India. Largest Islamic country is Indonesia. Of same faith tradition as both Christians and Jews Muslims & Jews are both monotheistic, differ only on mainly messianic theology Places of worship differ yet can coexist; Spain fostered all three Abrahamic faiths during pre-Ferdinand and Isabella era (pre-1492) Part 2 of 9: Pre Muslim Mecca, Quraish tribe, Muhammad’s early years & first vision, Qur’an, 1st pillar shahadah, and start of 2nd pillar prayer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtFkhC7DIIo Muslims descended from Hagar and Ishmael, who fled to the desert Abraham, according to Muslim legend, built Ka’ba Quraysh tribe controlled Mecca as trading city. Later put icons and statues of various tribal Gods inside Ka’ba so Mecca would become even more important as a pilgrimage site. Muhammad was born several generations later in 570 AD into a wealthy family. His dad died, his grandfather sent him to live with trading caravans. As a young man he became a talented caravanier, married Khadijah Muhammad illiterate, so others recorded his recitations Qur’an means â€Å"recitation,† a mix of poetry, stories, admonitions, advice and warnings. Part 3 of 9: 2nd pillar (prayer) continued, Muhammad gains followers, conflict with Meccans, Hijra, to Ummayad dynasty; beginning of 3rd pillar: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h4bcCSsc9A&NR=1 Muhammad gave sermons against polytheism to pilgrims arriving at the Ka’ba in Mecca; was persecuted by Quraish Muhammad had no strong political ally, few followers initially. Journeyed to Yathrib (later named Medina, â€Å"City of the Prophet†) to arbitrate dispute between city states. Became year 0 in Islamic calendar, 622 CE. Set up first Islamic community (Ummah) Meccans were enraged, attacked Medina to destroy Muslims. Battle of Badr, outnumbered by Meccans, yet Medinans won Muslims triumphed 630 AD Muslims returned to Mecca Cleansed Abraham’s sacred temple (Ka’ba) of idols of pilgrims, kept the Ka’ba (lit. â€Å"cube†) as the central expression of monotheism Offered Meccans freedom for peace, many converted Arab tribes came to pay tribute to Muhammad and convert Umayyads 1st dynasty 750 Within a century of Muhammad’s death Muslims controlled more land than the Roman Empire—Turkey to parts of China. Jews and Christians were exempt from conversion to Islam 3rd pillar: Charity is heavily emphasized in the Qur’an, even more than the subordinate status of women Part 4 of 9: 3rd pillar, charity, continued; 4th pillar, Ramadan, Abbasid dynasty; Crusades; Mongols: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKsm3O23Itg&NR=1 3rd Pillar: Charity: From everything you own you give 2.5% All money collected must be given to those in need One must follow the fast during the month of Ramadan as the 4th pillar Fast lasts from sunrise till sunset Exceptions are made for the sick, weak, children, and the mothers who are expecting It’s a time to intensify your efforts to build your relationship with God The festival of the great Eid (Lit. festival) of the breaking of the fast Shia split from the Sunni after the death of Hussein (680 AD) There was a discrepancy of how leaders should be put in place Shia believed that leaders should be direct descendants of Muhammad Sunni believed leaders should be elected democratically 8th century golden age in Iraq, Abbasid dynasty arose in Bagdad Abbasids valued learning, Greek philosophy and natural science. Algebra invented, decimals, exponents. Medicine developed, orthopedics, mental illness treatment, surgery. Crusades: Jerusalem is 3rd most sacred city for Muslims 1099: Christians slaughter 30k Muslims 1258 Genghis Khan’s grandson & his Mongols plundered Bagdad Part 5 of 9: Mongol era: 5th Pillar, Hajj; in Spain, interfaith cooperation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXWJDY8AsFo&feature=related The Mongol Khan becomes a Muslim, Lesser pilgrimage can be taken to Mecca at any time of the year (min 0:30) Hajj, the greater pilgrimage, occurs only once a year a. Ihram1 = 2 white cloths in which you will be buried are worn during Hajj, significance is equality, Ihram2 is also = peaceful demeanor to accept all as brothers & sisters. b. Ablution (ritual washing) leads to first stage: circumambulation 7 times God is the axis of one’s life c. 2nd step is to march between 2 hills representing Hagar’s search for water for Ismael; represents one’s struggle in life d. Next day they travel to the plain of Arafat. Pilgrims walk in quiet prayer confessing sins at Mount of Arafat. e. Next, to Mina to throw stones at 3 pillars representing Satan, sins are forgiven f. Last event prayer service at Ka’ba Muslim scholars preserved writings from hordes 711 CE: Muslims arrive at Gibraltar a. Called Moors, dwelled in Andalusia, cities of Cordoba & Seville b. Horticulture, math, navigation developed c. Muslim, Jewish & Christian scholars worked together became a source for the Renaissance Part 6 of 9: Spain, Ottoman Empire; place of women; Colonialism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6olUPtXRC6U&NR=1 Reconquista, Christian re-conquest of Spain expelling Moors and forcing conversion or expulsion of Jews 1492 the Moors were kicked out of Spain 1453 Greek Constantinople fell to Muslim troops; name changed to Istanbul = â€Å"Islam in Abundance† Sultan was the ruler of Islamic Ottoman society. Sultan means ruler Sultan’s Harem (Haram – forbidden, taboo)– group of concubines, in Western eyes they are dens of iniquity, but in Islamic practice they were centers of protection for women and sources for caucusing about political power Islamic polygamy: all wives need to be treated equally Part 7 of 9: Suez Canal; France colonizes Algeria; WWI; colonialism; Wahabism, Jihad: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH2lGUr7eJ4&NR=1 Colonial sense of superiority disparaged Muslims France took over northern Africa and the northern part of the Middle East, discouraging Arabic language and Islamic faith. England expanded into Egypt after creating the Suez Canal, also taking the Sinai Peninsula, Palestine, and Iraq. Ottomans sided with Germany in WWI, so England & France took Muslim lands when Germany lost (min 2:40) Muslim Brotherhood arose in Egypt in 1928 Some Muslim states encouraged western style central authoritarian dictatorships; Muslim Brotherhood resisted these. Following WW2 Muslims throughout European colonies rose up, demanding release from the European counties. Mohammad ibn Abdul Wahab – became a leader in the Islamic world, preaching an ascetic, puritanical form of Islam Created Wahabism, founded Saudi State, merging desert warrior spirit with puritanical reform. Very fundamental and radical form of Islam Was supported by Saud family, who would become rulers of Saudi Arabia Oil gave Saudis great wealth allowing them to expand Wahabist beliefs. Giving the money to organizations has caused an even more radical group of beliefs to arise Jihad = â€Å"struggle.† The greater jihad is the struggle of one’s will against one’s passions and weaknesses, an inner struggle. The lesser jihad is a defensive war, using just war criteria. Some groups called for a radical Jihad –war against western nations The end justifying the means leads to terrorism. Osama Bin-Laden in particular Part 8 of 9: Malcolm X; Israel; Iran hostage crisis, Iraq: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKHuc0ehFPc Malcolm X: â€Å"We (blacks) did not land on Plymouth Rock; the rock was landed on us† Walhid Farad formed the Nation of Islam Elijah Poole joined him; changed name to Elijah Muhammad & took charge in 1934 Malcolm Little heard about Nation of Islam in Prison, changed name to Malcolm X Malcolm X: â€Å"What was your name before you lost it?† Malcolm X came back from hajj inspired to join Nation of Islam to traditional Islam; Gunned down By 1975, Elijah’s son brought about Malcolm X’s dream: changed name to World Community of Islam Louis Farrakhan continued in old ways of separation Israel made a state in 1948. In 6 Day War in 1967 tensions increased with Muslims 1978 Iran’s Shah fell to Shiite Ayatollah Khomeini; US cast as â€Å"Great Satan† Students took US embassy workers in Tehran as hostages for 444 days Sadat in Egypt assassinated; he had signed a peace treaty with Israel. Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990; coalition lead by US stopped him, imposed no-fly Zone Part 9 of 9: Suicide bombing; Islamic hell & heaven; wrap up: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egTCPablawQ&NR=1 9/11 made people aware not only of radical fringe of Islam, but also of the peaceful Muslim neighbors. Even in heaven one cannot see God Pleas for peace Few stable & fair Muslim governments have replaced colonial governments Part 1 of 9: Intro and basic facts: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAjsu1ATrts Part 2 of 9: Pre Muslim Mecca, Quraish tribe, Muhammad’s early years & first vision, Qur’an, 1st pillar shahadah, and start of 2nd pillar prayer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtFkhC7DIIo Part 3 of 9: 2nd pillar (prayer) continued, Muhammad gains followers, conflict with Meccans, Hijra, to Ummayad dynasty; beginning of 3rd pillar: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h4bcCSsc9A&NR=1 Part 4 of 9: 3rdpillar, charity, continued; 4th pillar, Ramadan, Abbasid dynasty; Crusades; Mongols: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKsm3O23Itg&NR=1 Part 5 of 9: Mongol era: 5thPillar, Hajj; in Spain, interfaith cooperation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXWJDY8AsFo&feature=related Part 6 of 9: Spain, Ottoman Empire; place of women; Colonialism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6olUPtXRC6U&NR=1 Part 7 of 9: Suez Canal; France colonizes Algeria; WWI; colonialism; Wahabism, Jihad: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IH2lGUr7eJ4&NR=1 Part 8 of 9: Malcolm X; Israel; Iran hostage crisis, Iraq: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKHuc0ehFPc Part 9 of 9: Suicide bombing; Islamic hell & heaven; wrap up: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egTCPablawQ&NR=1